Filtered by themeDefining emotion13 papersclear ✕

Approaching Awe, a Moral, Spiritual, and Aesthetic EmotionDacher Keltner, Jonathan HaidtIn this paper we present a prototype approach to awe. We suggest that two appraisals are central and are present in all clear cases of awe: perceived vastness, and a need for accommodation, defined as an inability to assimilate an experience into current mental structures. Five additional appraisals account for variation in the hedonic tone of awe experiences: threat, beauty, exceptional ability, virtue, and the supernatural. We derive this perspective from a review of what has been written about awe in religion, philosophy, sociology, and psychology, and then we apply this perspective to an analysis of awe and related states such as admiration, elevation, and the epiphanic experience.

Emotional DesignResearch Papers

1 Fear, Emotion, and ScienceComputers are beginning to acquire the ability to ex- press and recognize affect, and may soon be given the ability to “have emotions.” The essential role of emotion in both human cognition and perception, as demonstrated by recent neurological studies, indi- cates that affective computers should not only pro- vide better performance in assisting humans, but also might enhance computers’ abilities to make de- cisions. This paper presents and discusses key issues in “affective computing,” computing that relates to, arises from, or influences emotions. Models are sug- gested for computer recognition of human emotion, and new applications are presented for computer- assisted learning, perceptual information retrieval, arts and entertainment, and human health and inter- action. Affective computing, coupled with new wear- able computers, will also provide the ability to gather new data necessary for advances in emotion and cog- nition theory. 1 Fear, Emotion, and Science Nothing in life is to be feared. It is only to be under- stood. – Marie Curie Emotions have a stigma in science; they are believed to be inherently non-scientific. Scientific principles are derived from rational thought, logical arguments, testable hypotheses, and repeatable experiments. There is room alongside science for “non-interfering” emotions such as those involved in curiosity, frustration, and the pleasure of discovery. In fact, much scien- tific research has been prompted by fear. Nonetheless, the role of emotions is marginalized at best. Why bring “emotion” or “affect” into any of the deliberate tools of science? Moreover, shouldn’t it be completely avoided when considering properties to design into computers? After all, computers control significant parts of our lives – the phone system, the stock market, nuclear power plants, jet landings, and more. Who wants a computer to be able to “feel angry” at them? To feel contempt for any living thing? In this essay I will submit for discussion a set of ideas on what I call “affective computing,” computing that relates to, arises from, or influences emotions. This will need some further clari- fication which I shall attempt below. I should say up front that I am not proposing the pursuit of computerized cingulotomies1 or even into the business of building “emotional computers”. 1The making of small wounds in the ridge of the limbic sys- tem known as the cingulate gyrus, a surgical procedure to aid severely depressed patients. Nor will I propose answers

Emotional DesignResearch Papers

Developing Emotional Design: Emotions as Cognitive Processes and their Role in the Design of Interactive TechnologiesAmon Rapp · 2017In the last 20 years, the debate on the role of emotions in the field of industrial design has grown exponentially. Emotional Design emerged as the effort to promote positive emotions \(Norman, 2007\) or pleasure in users \(Jordan, 2002; Green and Jordan, 2003\) by means of design properties of products and services. According to Van Gorp and Adams \(2012\), design based on emotions can affect overall user experience deeply, since emotions influence decision making, affect attention, memory, and generate meaning. It is possible to identify two main approaches to applied emotional design. The first is based on the modification of object's aesthetic appearance or interface, the latter focuses on promoting fluent and engaging interactions.

Emotional DesignResearch Papers

Emotion and Decision MakingJennifer S. Lerner · 2015A revolution in the science of emotion has emerged in recent decades, with the potential to create a paradigm shift in decision theories. The research reveals that emotions constitute potent, pervasive, predictable, sometimes harmful and sometimes beneficial drivers of decision making. Across dif- ferent domains, important regularities appear in the mechanisms through which emotions influence judgments and choices. We organize and analyze what has been learned from the past 35 years of work on emotion and de- cision making. In so doing, we propose the emotion-imbued choice model, which accounts for inputs from traditional rational choice theory and from newer emotion research, synthesizing scientific models. 799 Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2015.66:799-823. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org Access provided by 109.228.76.45 on 09/07/22. For personal use only. Click here for quick links to Annual Reviews content online, including: • Other articles in this volume • Top cited articles • Top downloaded articles • Our comprehensive search Further ANNUAL REVIEWS Bounded rationality: the idea that decision making deviates from rationality due to such inherently human factors as limitations in cognitive capacity and willpower, and situational constraints Normative: how and/or what people should ideally judge or decide Emotion: multifaceted, biologically mediated, concomitant reactions (experiential, cognitive, behavioral, expressive) regarding survival-relevant events JDM: judgment and decision making Contents

Emotional DesignResearch Papers

Cognitive approaches to emotions2013**Article** in Trends in Cognitive Sciences · January 2014 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.12.004 · Source: PubMed CITATIONS 167 READS 5,099 **2 authors: Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:** Reasoning, modulation and model theory View project Keith Oatley University of Toronto **185** PUBLICATIONS **11,062** CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Phil Johnson-Laird Princeton University **380** PUBLICATIONS **28,539** CITATIONS SEE PROFILE

Emotional DesignResearch Papers

Emotions Are RealLisa Feldman Barrett · 2012It is obvious that emotions are real, but the question is what kind of "real" are they? In this article, I outline a theoretical approach where emotions are a part of social reality. I propose that physical changes (in the face, voice, and body, or neural circuits for behavioral adaptations like freezing, fleeing, or fighting) transform into an emotion when those changes take on psychological functions that they cannot perform by their physical nature alone. This requires socially shared conceptual knowledge that perceviers use to create meaning from these physical changes (as well as the circuitry that supports this meaning making). My claim is that emotions are, *at the same time*, socially constructed and biological evident. Only when we understand all the elements that construct emotional episodes, in social, psychological, and biological terms, will we understand the nature of emotion.

Emotional DesignResearch Papers

Nine sources of product emotion2007This paper introduces a framework of nine sources of product-evoked emotions, which each can be considered to be the outcome of a unique pattern of eliciting conditions. Three main theories of product affect served as the fundament for this framework that combines the two key variables ‘stimulus’ (related to the product) and ‘concern’ (related to the person). The framework of nine sources of product emotion can be used as a basis for understanding and exploring the complex and layered emotional responses often elicited by products and services. Because the framework is based on empirical evidence of how people experience emotions, and of how products elicit emotions, it can support designers in their efforts to design for emotions. In addition, the framework can be used to structure research efforts reported in the research literature and to identify opportunities for new research efforts.

Emotional DesignResearch Papers

Feelings and Consumer Decision Making 1Seunghee Han, Jennifer S. Lerner · 2006This article presents the Appraisal Tendency Framework (ATF) (Lerner & Keltner, 2000, 2001; Lerner & Tiedens, 2006) as a basis for predicting the influence of specific emotions on consumer decision making. In particular, the ATF addresses how and why specific emotions carry over from past situations to color future judgments and choices. After reviewing the main assumptions and the five main principles of the framework, two streams of research are presented. One stream addresses emotional carry-over effects on the assessment of risk; the other addresses carry-over effects on the assessment of monetary value. Because risk assessment and value assessment are fundamental psychological processes, understanding them has the potential to yield manifold implications for consumer judgment and decision making. The concluding sections highlight limitations and future directions of the framework. Feelings and Consumer Decision Making 3 3 Feelings and Consumer Decision Making: The Appraisal-Tendency Framework

Emotional DesignResearch Papers

The role of emotions in marketingElyria Kemp, Steven W. Kopp · 1999*Emotions are mental states of readiness that arise from appraisals of events or one ' s own thoughts. In this article, the authors discuss the differentiation of emotions from affect, moods, and attitudes, and outline an appraisal theory of emotions. Next, various measurement issues are considered. This is followed by an analysis of the role of arousal in emotions. Emotions as markers, mediators, and moderators of consumer responses are then analyzed. The authors turn next to the influence of emotions on cognitive processes, which is followed by a study of the implications of emotions for volitions, goal-directed behavior, and decisions to help. Emotions and customer satisfaction are briefly explored, too. The article closes with a number of questions for future research.*

Emotional DesignResearch Papers

What's Basic About Basic Emotions?1990A widespread assumption in theories of emotion is that there exists a small set of basic emotions. From a biological perspective, this idea is manifested in the belief that there might be neurophysiological and anatomical substrates corresponding to the basic emotions. From a psychological perspective, basic emotions are often held to be the primitive building blocks of other, nonbasic emotions. The content of such claims is examined, and the results suggest that there is no coherent nontrivial notion of basic emotions as the elementary psychological primitives in terms of which other emotions can be explained. Thus, the view that there exist basic emotions out of which all other emotions are built, and in terms of which they can be explained, is questioned, raising the possibility that this position is an article of faith rather than an empirically or theoretically defensible basis for the conduct of emotion research. This suggests that perhaps the notion of basic emotions will not lead to significant progress in the field. An alternative approach to explaining the phenomena that appear to motivate the postulation of basic emotions is presented.

Emotional DesignResearch Papers

The Philosophy of Emotions1989"What is an emotion?" That question was asked in precisely that form by William James, as the title of an essay he wrote for *Mind* well over 100 years ago (James, 1884). But philosophers have been concerned about the nature of emotion since Socrates and the "pre-Socratics" who preceded him, and although the discipline has grown up (largely because of Socrates and his student Plato) as the pursuit of reason, the emotions have always lurked in the background—often as a threat to reason and a danger to philosophy and philosophers. One of the most enduring metaphors of reason and emotion has been the metaphor of master and slave, with the wisdom of reason firmly in control and the dangerous impulses of emotion safely suppressed, channeled, or (ideally) in harmony with reason. But the question "What is an emotion?" has proved to be as difficult to resolve as the emotions have been to master. Just when it seems that an adequate definition is in place, some new theory rears its unwelcome head and challenges our understanding.

Emotional DesignResearch Papers

Patterns of Cognitive Appraisal in EmotionCraig A. Smith, Phoebe C. Ellsworth · 1985There has long been interest in describing emotional experience in terms of underlying dimensions, but traditionally only two dimensions, pleasantness and arousal, have been reliably found. The reasons for these findings are reviewed, and integrating this review with two recent theories of emotions (Roseman, 1984; Scherer, 1982), we propose eight cognitive appraisal dimensions to differentiate emotional experience. In an investigation of this model, subjects recalled past experiences associated with each of 15 emotions, and rated them along the proposed dimensions. Six orthogonal dimensions, pleasantness, anticipated effort, certainty, attentional activity, self-other responsibility~control, and situational control, were recovered, and the emotions varied systematically along each of these dimensions, indicating a strong relation between the appraisal of one's circumstances and one's emotional state. The patterns of appraisal for the different emotions, and the role of each of the dimensions in differentiating emotional experience are discussed.

Emotional DesignResearch Papers

Mapping the Passions: Toward a High-Dimensional Taxonomy of Emotional Experience and Expression1985What would a comprehensive atlas of human emotions include? For 50 years, scientists have sought to map emotion- related experience, expression, physiology, and recognition in terms of the “basic six”—anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. Claims about the relationships between these six emotions and prototypical facial configurations have provided the basis for a long-standing debate over the diagnostic value of expression (for review and latest installment in this debate, see Barrett et al., p. 1). Building on recent empirical findings and methodologies, we offer an alternative conceptual and methodological approach that reveals a richer taxonomy of emotion. Dozens of distinct varieties of emotion are reliably distinguished by language, evoked in distinct circumstances, and perceived in distinct expressions of the face, body, and voice. Traditional models—both the basic six and affective-circumplex model (valence and arousal)—capture a fraction of the systematic variability in emotional response. In contrast, emotion- related responses (e.g., the smile of embarrassment, triumphant postures, sympathetic vocalizations, blends of distinct expressions) can be explained by richer models of emotion. Given these developments, we discuss why tests of a basic-six model of emotion are not tests of the diagnostic value of facial expression more generally. Determining the full extent of what facial expressions can tell us, marginally and in conjunction with other behavioral and contextual cues, will require mapping the high-dimensional, continuous space of facial, bodily, and vocal signals onto richly multifaceted experiences using large-scale statistical modeling and machine-learning methods.

Emotional DesignResearch Papers