Calculating Empires A Genealogy of Technology and Power Since 1500 AUDIO TOUR TOPICS ABOUT Communication devices Interfaces Communication infrastructure Data organization Algorithms Models Hardware Unconventional computing Time Education Emotions and intelligence Human bodies Biometrics Medical Prison Policing Borders Bureaucracy Colonialism Political and economic systems Production Energy and resources Lithosphere Atmosphere and hydrosphere Biosphere Astrosphere Spatial representation Architecture Surveillance infrastructure Military doctrine Military systems 2025 2012 2000 1975 1950 1925 1900 1850 1800 1700 1600 1500 Light mode Kate Crawford and Vladan Joler (2023)