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ptimization methods in user interface (UI) design is a long-standing topic in human-computer interaction (HCI) research. Currently, user-centered design is largely focused on human creativity, sensemaking, empathy, and creation of meaning, but optimization methods have been explored as supplemental ways to help speed up the design cycle and improve design quality (for more information about computational UI design, see the sidebar). Unlike any other design method in HCI, optimization methods offer a greater-than-zero chance of finding an optimal design, and some exact methods even offer mathematical guarantees for solutions. More importantly, if the design task and its